| COMMAND
| DESCRIPTION
|
|
|
| System information
|
| arch
| show architecture of machine
|
| uname -r
| show used kernel version
|
| dmidecode -q
| show hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI)
|
| hdaparm -i /dev/hda
| displays the characteristics of a hard-disk
|
| hdparm -tT /dev/sda
| perform test reading on a hard-disk
|
| cat /proc/cpuinfo
| show information CPU info
|
| cat /proc/interrupts
| show interrupts
|
| cat /proc/meminfo
| verify memory use
|
| cat /proc/swaps
| show file(s) swap
|
| cat /proc/version
| show version of the kernel
|
| cat /proc/net/dev
| show network adpters and statistics
|
| cat /proc/mounts
| show mounted file system(s)
|
| lspci -tv
| display PCI devices
|
| lsusb -tv
| show USB devices
|
| date
| show system date
|
| cal 2007
| show the timetable of 2007
|
| date 041217002007.00
| set date and time - MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Secondi
|
clock -w
| save changes on BIOS
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Shutdown, Restart of a system and Logout
|
| shutdown -h now
| shutdown system
|
| init 0
|
| shutdown -r hours:minutes &
| planned shutdown of the system
|
| shutdown -c
| cancel a planned shutdown of the system
|
| shutdown -r now
| reboot
|
| reboot
|
| logout
| leaving session
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Files and Directory
|
| cd /home
| enter to directory '/ home'
|
| cd ..
| go back one level
|
| cd ../..
| go back two levels
|
| cd
| go to home directory
|
| cd ~utente
| go to home directory
|
| cd -
| go to previous directory
|
| pwd
| show the path of work directory
|
| ls
| view files of directory
|
| ls -F
| view files of directory
|
| ls -l
| show details of files and directory
|
| ls -a
| show hidden files
|
| ls *[0-9]*
| show files and directory containing numbers
|
| lstree
| show files and directories in a tree starting from root
|
| mkdir dir1
| create a directory called 'dir1'
|
| mkdir dir1 dir2
| create two directories simultaneously
|
| mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2
| create a directory tree
|
| rm -f file1
| delete file called 'file1'
|
| rmdir dir1
| delete directory called 'dir1'
|
| rm -rf dir1
| remove a directory called 'dir1' and contents recursively
|
| rm -rf dir1 dir2
| remove two directories and their contents recursively
|
| mv dir1 new_dir
| rename / move a file or directory
|
| cp file1 file2
| copying a file
|
| cp dir/* .
| copy all files of a directory within the current work directory
|
| cp -a /tmp/dir1 .
| copy a directory within the current work directory
|
| cp -a dir1 dir2
| copy a directory
|
| ln -s file1 lnk1
| create a symbolic link to file or directory
|
| ln file1 lnk1
| create a physical link to file or directory
|
| touch -t 0712250000 fileditest
| modify timestamp of a file or directory - (YYMMDDhhmm)
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| File search
|
| find / -name file1
| search file and directory into root filesystem from '/'
|
| find / -user user1
| search files and directories belonging to 'user1'
|
| find /home/user1 -name *.bin
| search files with '. bin' extension within directory '/ home/user1'
|
| find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100
| search bynary files are not used in the last 100 days
|
| find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10
| search files created or changed within 10 days
|
| find / -name *.rpm -exec chmod 755 {} ;
| search files with '.rpm' extension and modify permits
|
| find / -name *.rpm -xdev
| search files with '.rpm' extension ignoring removable partitions as cdrom, pen-drive, etc.…
|
| locate *.ps
| find files with the '.ps' extension - first run 'updatedb' command
|
| whereis halt
| show location of a binary file, source or man
|
| which halt
| show full path to a binary / executable
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Mounting a Filesystem
|
| mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2
| mount disk called hda2 - verify existence of the directory '/ mnt/hda2'
|
| umount /dev/hda2
| unmount disk called hda2 - exit from mount point '/ mnt/hda2' first
|
| fuser -km /mnt/hda2
| force umount when the device is busy
|
| umount -n /mnt/hda2
| run umount without writing the file /etc/mtab - useful when the file is read-only or the hard disk is full
|
| mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
| mount a floppy disk
|
| mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
| mount a cdrom / dvdrom
|
| mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder
| mount a cdrw / dvdrom
|
| mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder
| mount a cdrw / dvdrom
|
| mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom
| mount a file or iso image
|
| mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5
| mount a Windows FAT32 file system
|
| mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk
| mount a usb pen-drive or flash-drive
|
| mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //winclient/share /mnt/share
| mount a windows network share
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Disk Space
|
| df -h
| show list of partitions mounted
|
| ls -lSr |more
| show size of the files and directories ordered by size
|
| du -sh dir1
| estimate space used by directory 'dir1'
|
| du -sh * | sort -rn
| show size of the files and directories sorted by size
|
| rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n
| show space used by rpm packages installed sorted by size (fedora, redhat and like)
|
| dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n
| show space used by deb packages installed sorted by size (ubuntu, debian and like)
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Users and Groups
|
| groupadd group_name
| create a new group
|
| groupdel group_name
| delete a group
|
| groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name
| rename a group
|
| useradd -c "Nome Cognome" -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1
| create a new user belongs "admin" group
|
| useradd user1
| create a new user
|
| userdel -r user1
| delete a user ( '-r' eliminates home directory)
|
| usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1
| change user attributes
|
| passwd
| change password
|
| passwd user1
| change a user password (only by root)
|
| chage -E 2005-12-31 user1
| set deadline for user password
|
| pwck
| check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/passwd' and users existence
|
| grpck
| check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/group' and groups existence
|
| newgrp group_name
| log in to a new group to change default group of newly created files
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Permits on File - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove
|
| ls -lh
| show permits
|
| ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS
| divide terminal into 5 columns
|
| chmod ugo+rwx directory1
| set permissions reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users owner (u) group (g) and others (o)
|
| chmod go-rwx directory1
| remove permits reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users group (g) and others (or
|
| chown user1 file1
| change owner of a file
|
| chown user1 -R directory1
| change user owner of a directory and all the files and directories contained inside
|
| chgrp gruppo1 file1
| change group of files
|
| chown user1:gruppo1 file1
| change user and group ownership of a file
|
| find / -perm -u+s
| view all files on the system with SUID configured
|
| chmod u+s /bin/file_eseguibile
| set SUID bit on a binary file - the user that running that file gets same privileges as owner
|
| chmod u-s /bin/file_binario
| disable SUID bit on a binary file
|
| chmod g+s /home/public
| set SGID bit on a directory - similar to SUID but for directory
|
| chmod g-s /home/public
| disable SGID bit on a directory
|
| chmod o+t /home/comune
| set STIKY bit on a directory - allows files deletion only to legitimate owners
|
| chmod o-t /home/comune
| disable STIKY bit on a directory
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Special Attributes on file - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove
|
| chattr +a file1
| allows write opening of a file only append mode
|
| chattr +c file1
| allows that a file is compressed / decompressed automatically by the kernel
|
| chattr +d file1
| makes sure that the program ignores Dump the files during backup
|
| chattr +i file1
| makes it an immutable file, which can not be removed, altered, renamed or linked
|
| chattr +s file1
| allows a file to be deleted safely
|
| chattr +S file1
| makes sure that if a file is modified changes are written in synchronous mode as with sync
|
| chattr +u file1
| allows you to recover the contents of a file even if it is canceled
|
| lsattr
| show specials attributes
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Archives and compressed files
|
| bunzip2 file1.bz2
| decompress a file called 'file1.bz2'
|
| bzip2 file1
| compress a file called 'file1'
|
| gunzip file1.gz
| decompress a file called 'file1.gz'
|
| gzip file1
| compress a file called 'file1'
|
| gzip -9 file1
| compress with maximum compression
|
| rar a file1.rar test_file
| create an archive rar called 'file1.rar'
|
| rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1
| compress 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' simultaneously
|
| rar x file1.rar
| decompress rar archive
|
| unrar x file1.rar
| decompress rar archive
|
| tar -cvf archive.tar file1
| create a uncompressed tarball
|
| tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1
| create an archive containing 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1'
|
| tar -tf archive.tar
| show contents of an archive
|
| tar -xvf archive.tar
| extract a tarball
|
| tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp
| extract a tarball into / tmp
|
| tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1
| create a tarball compressed into bzip2
|
| tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2
| decompress a compressed tar archive in bzip2
|
| tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1
| create a tarball compressed into gzip
|
| tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz
| decompress a compressed tar archive in gzip
|
| zip file1.zip file1
| create an archive compressed in zip
|
| zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1
| compress in zip several files and directories simultaneously
|
| unzip file1.zip
| decompress a zip archive
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| RPM Packages - Fedora, Red Hat and like
|
| rpm -ivh package.rpm
| install a rpm package
|
| rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm
| install a rpm package ignoring dependencies requests
|
| rpm -U package.rpm
| upgrade a rpm package without changing configuration files
|
| rpm -F package.rpm
| upgrade a rpm package only if it is already installed
|
| rpm -e package_name.rpm
| remove a rpm package
|
| rpm -qa
| show all rpm packages installed on the system
|
| rpm -qa | grep httpd
| show all rpm packages with the name "httpd"
|
| rpm -qi package_name
| obtain information on a specific package installed
|
| rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons"
| show rpm packages of a group software
|
| rpm -ql package_name
| show list of files provided by a rpm package installed
|
| rpm -qc package_name
| show list of configuration files provided by a rpm package installed
|
| rpm -q package_name --whatrequires
| show list of dependencies required for a rpm packet
|
| rpm -q package_name --whatprovides
| show capability provided by a rpm package
|
| rpm -q package_name --scripts
| show scripts started during installation / removal
|
| rpm -q package_name --changelog
| show history of revisions of a rpm package
|
| rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
| verify which rpm package belongs to a given file
|
| rpm -qp package.rpm -l
| show list of files provided by a rpm package not yet installed
|
| rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY
| import public-key digital signature
|
| rpm --checksig package.rpm
| verify the integrity of a rpm package
|
| rpm -qa gpg-pubkey
| verify integrity of all rpm packages installed
|
| rpm -V package_name
| check file size, permissions, type, owner, group, MD5 checksum and last modification
|
| rpm -Va
| check all rpm packages installed on the system - use with caution
|
| rpm -Vp package.rpm
| verify a rpm package not yet installed
|
| rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-directories *bin*
| extract executable file from a rpm package
|
| rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm
| install a package built from a rpm source
|
| rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm
| build a rpm package from a rpm source
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| YUM packages updater - Fedora, RedHat and like
|
| yum install package_name
| download and install a rpm package
|
| yum update
| update all rpm packages installed on the system
|
| yum update package_name
| upgrade a rpm package
|
| yum remove package_name
| remove a rpm package
|
| yum list
| list all packages installed on the system
|
| yum search package_name
| find a package on rpm repository
|
| yum clean packages
| clean up rpm cache erasing downloaded packages
|
| yum clean headers
| remove all files headers that the system uses to resolve dependency
|
| yum clean all
| remove from the cache packages and headers files
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| DEB packages - Debian, Ubuntu and like
|
| dpkg -i package.deb
| install / upgrade a deb package
|
| dpkg -r package_name
| remove a deb package from the system
|
| dpkg -l
| show all deb packages installed on the system
|
| dpkg -l | grep httpd
| show all rpm packages with the name "httpd"
|
| dpkg -s package_name
| obtain information on a specific package installed on system
|
| dpkg -L package_name
| show list of files provided by a package installed on system
|
| dpkg --contents package.deb
| show list of files provided by a package not yet installed
|
| dpkg -S /bin/ping
| verify which package belongs to a given file
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| APT packages updater - Debian, Ubuntu e like
|
| apt-get install package_name
| install / upgrade a deb package
|
| apt-cdrom install package_name
| install / upgrade a deb package from cdrom
|
| apt-get update
| update all deb packages installed on system
|
| apt-get remove package_name
| remove a deb package from system
|
| apt-get check
| verify correct resolution of dependencies
|
| apt-get clean
| clean up cache from packages downloaded
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| View file content
|
| cat file1
| view the contents of a file starting from the first row
|
| tac file1
| view the contents of a file starting from the last line
|
| more file1
| view content of a file along
|
| less file1
| similar to 'more' command but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement
|
| head -2 file1
| view first two lines of a file
|
| tail -2 file1
| view last two lines of a file
|
| tail -f /var/log/messages
| view in real time what is added to a file
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Text Manipulation
|
| cat file_test | [operation: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] > result.txt
| syntax to elaborate the text of a file, and write result to a new file
|
| cat file_originale | [operazione: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] >> result.txt
| syntax to elaborate the text of a file and append result in existing file
|
| grep Aug /var/log/messages
| look up words "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages'
|
| grep ^Aug /var/log/messages
| look up words that begin with "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages'
|
| grep [0-9] /var/log/messages
| select from file '/var/log/messages' all lines that contain numbers
|
| grep Aug -R /var/log/*
| search string "Aug" at directory '/var/log' and below
|
| grep Aug /var/log/messages
| write result of a search within a file
|
| sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g' example.txt
| replace "string1" with "string2" in example.txt
|
| sed '/^$/d' example.txt
| remove all blank lines from example.txt
|
| sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' example.txt
| remove comments and blank lines from example.txt
|
| echo 'esempio' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'
| convert from lower case in upper case
|
| sed -e '1d' result.txt
| eliminates the first line from file example.txt
|
| sed -n '/stringa1/p'
| view only lines that contain the word "string1"
|
| sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt
| remove empty characters at the end of each row
|
| sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txt
| remove only the word "string1" from text and leave intact all
|
| sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txt
| view from 1th to 5th row
|
| sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt
| view row number 5
|
| sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt
| replace more zeros with a single zero
|
| cat -n file1
| number row of a file
|
| cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1'
| remove all even lines from example.txt
|
| echo a b c | awk '{print $1}'
| view the first column of a line
|
| echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}'
| view the first and third column of a line
|
| paste file1 file2
| merging contents of two files for columns
|
| paste -d '+' file1 file2
| merging contents of two files for columns with '+' delimiter on the center
|
| sort file1 file2
| sort contents of two files
|
| sort file1 file2 | uniq
| sort contents of two files omitting lines repeated
|
| sort file1 file2 | uniq -u
| sort contents of two files by viewing only unique line
|
| sort file1 file2 | uniq -d
| sort contents of two files by viewing only duplicate line
|
| comm -1 file1 file2
| compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file1'
|
| comm -2 file1 file2
| compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file2'
|
| comm -3 file1 file2
| compare contents of two files by deleting only the lines that appear on both files
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Character set and Format file conversion
|
| dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt
| convert a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX
|
| unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt
| convert a text file format from UNIX to MSDOS
|
| recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html
| convert a text file to html
|
| recode -l | more
| show all available formats conversion
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Filesystem Analysis
|
| badblocks -v /dev/hda1
| check bad blocks in disk hda1
|
| fsck /dev/hda1
| repair / check integrity of linux filesystem on disk hda1
|
| fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1
| repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1
|
| e2fsck /dev/hda1
| repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1
|
| e2fsck -j /dev/hda1
| repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1
|
| fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1
| repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1
|
| fsck.vfat /dev/hda1
| repair / check integrity of fat filesystem on disk hda1
|
| fsck.msdos /dev/hda1
| repair / check integrity of dos filesystem on disk hda1
|
| dosfsck /dev/hda1
| repair / check integrity of dos filesystems on disk hda1
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Format a Filesystem
|
| mkfs /dev/hda1
| create a filesystem type linux on hda1 partition
|
| mke2fs /dev/hda1
| create a filesystem type linux ext2 on hda1 partition
|
| mke2fs -j /dev/hda1
| create a filesystem type linux ext3 (journal) on hda1 partition
|
| mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1
| create a FAT32 filesystem
|
| fdformat -n /dev/fd0
| format a floppy disk
|
| mkswap /dev/hda3
| create a swap filesystem
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| SWAP filesystem
|
| mkswap /dev/hda3
| create a swap filesystem
|
| swapon /dev/hda3
| activating a new swap partition
|
| swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3
| activate two swap partitions
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Backup
|
| dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home
| make a full backup of directory '/home'
|
| dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home
| make a incremental backup of directory '/home'
|
| restore -if /tmp/home0.bak
| restoring a backup interactively
|
| rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp
| synchronization between directories
|
| rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp
| rsync via SSH tunnel
|
| rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local
| synchronize a local directory with a remote directory via ssh and compression
|
| rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public
| synchronize a remote directory with a local directory via ssh and compression
|
| dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz'
| make a backup of a local hard disk on remote host via ssh
|
| tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user
| make a incremental backup of directory '/home/user'
|
| ( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p'
| copy content of a directory on remote directory via ssh
|
| ( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p'
| copy a local directory on remote directory via ssh
|
| tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - )
| local copy preserving permits and links from a directory to another
|
| find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents
| find and copy all files with '.txt' extention from a directory to another
|
| find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2
| find all files with '.log' extention and make an bzip archive
|
| dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1
| make a copy of MBR (Master Boot Record) to floppy
|
| dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1
| restore MBR from backup copy saved to floppy
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| CDROM
|
| cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force
| clean a rewritable cdrom
|
| mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso
| create an iso image of cdrom on disk
|
| mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz
| create a compressed iso image of cdrom on disk
|
| mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd
| create an iso image of a directory
|
| cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso
| burn an ISO image
|
| gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom -
| burn a compressed ISO image
|
| mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso
| mount an ISO image
|
| cd-paranoia -B
| rip audio tracks from a CD to wav files
|
| cd-paranoia -- "-3"
| rip first three audio tracks from a CD to wav files
|
| cdrecord --scanbus
| scan bus to identify the channel scsi
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Networking - LAN and WiFi
|
| ifconfig eth0
| show configuration of an ethernet network card
|
| ifup eth0
| activate an interface 'eth0'
|
| ifdown eth0
| disable an interface 'eth0'
|
| ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
| configure IP Address
|
| ifconfig eth0 promisc
| configure 'eth0' in promiscuous mode to gather packets (sniffing)
|
| dhclient eth0
| active interface 'eth0' in dhcp mode
|
| route -n
| show routing table
|
| route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway
| configura default gateway
|
| route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1
| configure static route to reach network '192.168.0.0/16'
|
| route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway
| remove static route
|
| echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
| activate ip routing
|
| hostname
| show hostname
|
| host www.linuxguide.it
| lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa
|
| ip link show
| show link status of all interfaces
|
| mii-tool eth0
| show link status of 'eth0'
|
| ethtool eth0
| show statistics of network card 'eth0'
|
| netstat -tup
| show all active network connections and their PID
|
| netstat -tupl
| show all network services listening on the system and their PID
|
| tcpdump tcp port 80
| show all HTTP traffic
|
| iwlist scan
| show wireless networks
|
| iwconfig eth1
| show configuration of a wireless network card
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Microsoft Windows networks - SAMBA
|
| nbtscan ip_addr
| netbios name resolution
|
| nmblookup -A ip_addr
| netbios name resolution
|
| smbclient -L ip_addr/hostname
| show remote shares of a windows host
|
| smbget -Rr smb://ip_addr/share
| like wget can download files from a host windows via smb
|
| mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //winclient/share /mnt/share
| mount a windows network share
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| IPTABLES - firewall
|
| iptables -t filter -L
| show all chains of filtering table
|
| iptables -t nat -L
| show all chains of nat table
|
| iptables -t filter -F
| clear all rules from filtering table
|
| iptables -t nat -F
| clear all rules from table nat
|
| iptables -t filter -X
| delete any chains created by user
|
| iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport telnet -j ACCEPT
| allow telnet connections to input
|
| iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport http -j DROP
| block HTTP connections to output
|
| iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport pop3 -j ACCEPT
| allow POP3 connections to forward chain
|
| iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG --log-prefix "DROP INPUT"
| logging sulla chain di input Logging on chain input
|
| iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
| configure a PAT (Port Address Traslation) on eth0 masking outbound packets
|
| iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.2:22
| redirect packets addressed to a host to another host
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Monitoring and debugging
|
| top
| display linux tasks using most cpu
|
| ps -eafw
| displays linux tasks
|
| ps -e -o pid,args --forest
| displays linux tasks in a hierarchical mode
|
| pstree
| mostra un albero dei processi sistema Shows a tree system processes
|
| kill -9 ID_Processo
| force closure of the process and finish it
|
| kill -1 ID_Processo
| force a process to reload configuration
|
| lsof -p $$
| display a list of files opened by processes
|
| lsof /home/user1
| displays a list of open files in a given path system
|
| strace -c ls >/dev/null
| display system calls made and received by a process
|
| strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null
| display library calls
|
| watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts'
| display interrupts in real-time
|
| last reboot
| show history reboot
|
| lsmod
| display kernel loaded
|
| free -m
| displays status of RAM in megabytes
|
| smartctl -A /dev/hda
| monitoring reliability of a hard-disk through SMART
|
| smartctl -i /dev/hda
| check if SMART is active on a hard-disk
|
| tail /var/log/dmesg
| show events inherent to the process of booting kernel
|
| tail /var/log/messages
| show system events
|
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
|
| Other useful commands
|
| mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 `uname -r`
| create a boot floppy
|
| gpg -c file1
| encrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard
|
| gpg file1.gpg
| decrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard
|
| wget -r www.example.com
| download an entire web site
|
| wget -c www.example.com/file.iso
| download a file with the ability to stop the download and resume later
|
| echo 'wget -c www.example.com/files.iso' | at 09:00
| start a download at any given time
|
| ldd ssh
| show shared libraries required by ssh program
|
| alias hh='history'
| set an alias for a command - hh = history |
Strumenti 
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